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#11380 Chaliyar River, Western Ghats, Kerala, India

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India, Kerala

The Western Ghats region is recognised as one of the world’s major biodiversity hotspots, containing approximately 30% of India’s known flora and fauna species, many of which are endemic to the region. At least 325 globally threatened species occur within the Western Ghats.

The Chaliyar River is the fourth-longest river in Kerala, extending approximately 169 km. It originates in the Western Ghats at the Ilambaleri Hills of the Nilgiri Mountains, near the Wayanad-Malappuram district border. The river flows mainly through Malappuram District before forming the boundary between Malappuram and Kozhikode districts for approximately 17km. It then continues through the city of Kozhikode for its final 10 km before emptying into the Lakshadweep Sea at Beypore.

The Chaliyar River drainage system is formed by six major tributaries: Chaliyarpuzha, Punnapuzha, Kanjirapuzha, Karimpuzha, Iruvahnipuzha, and Thottumukkampuzha.

Submitted by
Juhász-Tóth Gábor
GPS
11.2357349, 76.1530533
Geographical region
Southern Asia
Drainage Basin
Arabian Sea
River catchment
Chaliyar River
Water body type
River
Water body name
Chaliyar River
Water body part
Water body course
Water body: tributary of
Tributary name

Videos above and below water


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Water Chemistry

Water information

Water type
Freshwater
Water color
Clear water
Water transparency
High
Concentration of sediments
Low
Water temperature
24 °C
Water flow/curent
Strong

Chemical parameters

pH
Conductivity
198
GH
70 mg/l
dGH
KH
30 mg/l
dKH
Dissolved Oxygen

Substrate in nature

Sand
Beige
Pebble/Gravel
Mixed
Stone
Brown
Stone form
Roundish
Silt/Mud
Beige
Leaves
Few
Driftwood
Few
Submerged terrestrial vegetation
Yes

Aquatic Biotope

Date of collecting
Collecting area
Water depth
Air temperature
Sunlight

Environment

Environment
Untouched
Surrounding area

The Western Ghats form one of the major watersheds of India, feeding numerous perennial river systems that drain almost 40% of the country’s land area.

The Western Ghats play an important role in influencing India’s climate and seasonal patterns. They block the rain-bearing monsoon winds moving eastward from the Arabian Sea, causing heavy rainfall along the western slopes and coastal regions. As the air rises over the mountains and loses moisture, a rain-shadow region with much lower precipitation forms on the leeward side towards the interior Deccan Plateau.

The Western Ghats are recognised as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, supporting a remarkable diversity of flora and fauna, with many species endemic to the region. At least 325 globally threatened species occur within this mountain range. The Western Ghats were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012.

Underwater landscape

Moderate or no submerged aquatic plants are present underwater. Fallen leaves and driftwood from riparian trees accumulate along the riverbank. The substrate consists mainly of large stones and gravel.

Fishes:

  • Opsarius bakeri (Danionidae) – Baker’s Minnow
  • Devario malabaricus (Danionidae) – Malabar Danio
  • Neochela dadiburjori (Danionidae) – Dadiburjor’s Danio
  • Dawkinsia filamentosa (Cyprinidae) – Filament Barb
  • Dawkinsia arulius (Cyprinidae) – Arulius Barb
  • Dawkinsia assimilis (Cyprinidae) – Assimilis Barb
  • Haludaria fasciata (Cyprinidae) – Melon Barb
  • Garra menoni (Cyprinidae) – Menon’s Garra
  • Garra mullya (Cyprinidae) – Muddled Garra
  • Sahyadria denisonii (Cyprinidae) – Denison Barb
  • Tor malabaricus (Cyprinidae) – Malabar Mahseer
  • Etroplus maculatus (Cichlidae) – Orange Chromide

Aquatic vegetation

  • Bacopa monnieri (Plantaginaceae) – Brahmi
  • Hygrophila pinnatifida (Acanthaceae) – Temple Plant
  • Lagenandra meeboldii (Araceae) – Meebold’s Lagenandra
Threats to ecology

Rapid warming of the Arabian Sea since 1995 has contributed to the development and intensification of strong cyclones affecting the Indian subcontinent, as recent studies have indicated. Climate models show that the Asian monsoon region experiences greater changes in extreme precipitation patterns than other monsoon domains, highlighting its sensitivity to global climate change.

Kerala provides a clear example of these shifts, with some of the most dramatic events being the floods of 2018 and 2019, which resulted from contrasting weather phenomena. A 2022 CUSAT study suggested that the 2019 monsoon cloudburst and associated flooding raised the possibility that rainfall patterns along India’s west coast may be shifting towards more convective events.

The Western Ghats represent a critical freshwater biodiversity hotspot, where more than 40% of freshwater fish species are considered threatened. Major pressures include habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and the introduction of invasive species.

Riparian zone

Trees near the aquatic habitat
Many - Alstonia scholaris
Trees near the aquatic habitat
Many - Tectona grandis
Trees near the aquatic habitat
Many - Dalbergia latifolia
Trees near the aquatic habitat
Many - Terminalia catappa