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Headwaters wetland, Pigeon River, Ontario, Canada

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Canada, Ontario, Kawartha Lakes

The Pigeon River Headwaters Wetland, located at the intersection of Fleetwood Rd and Chipmunk Rd in Kawartha Lakes, Ontario, is part of a cold, spring-fed tributary system within the Oak Ridges Moraine – a geologically significant landform shaped by glacial activity over 12.000 years ago. This headwater region contributes to the Lake Ontario drainage basin and is ecologically important for its role in groundwater recharge, sediment filtering, and biodiversity support.

Flora includes native species such as Ludwigia palustris and likely Carex lacustris, alongside invasive Phragmites australis subsp. australis, which forms dense monocultures. Fauna observed include Northern Redbelly Dace (Chrosomus eos), Central Mudminnow (Umbra limi), Brook Stickleback (Culaea inconstans), and the Marsh Pondsnail (Ladislavella elodes).

Submitted by
Rui Sun
Approved by
Lawrence Kent, Fritz Rohde & John T. Baxter
GPS
44.2089043, -78.6827240
Geographical region
Northern America
Drainage Basin
Lake Ontario drainage basin
River catchment
Pigeon River Catchment
Water body type
Wetland
Water body name
Pigeon River Headwaters Wetland
Water body part
Marsh land
Water body course
Headwaters
Water body: tributary of
Wetland
Tributary name
Unnamed headwater tributary of the Pigeon River

Videos above and below water


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Water Chemistry

Water information

Water type
fresh-water
Water color
Mixed water
Water transparency
High
Concentration of sediments
Low
Water temperature
13 °C
Water flow/curent
Slow

Chemical parameters

pH
7.5
Conductivity
200
GH
120 mg/l
dGH
KH
80 mg/l
dKH
Dissolved Oxygen
90 %

Substrate in nature

Sand
Beige
Pebble/Gravel
Mixed
Stone
Brown
Stone form
Roundish
Silt/Mud
Beige
Leaves
Adundant
Driftwood
Many
Submerged terrestrial vegetation
Yes

Aquatic Biotope

Date of collecting
May 2, 2025
Collecting area
Centre
Water depth
0,5m
Air temperature
15 °C
Sunlight
Partial shade

Environment

Environment
Affected by human activity
Affected by human activity
Deforestation
Deforestation
Initial
Surrounding area

The wetland is situated at the edge of a rural road intersection (Fleetwood Rd & Chipmunk Rd) surrounded by mixed secondary forest, agricultural fields, and low-traffic gravel roads.

The riparian zone features native vegetation such as sedges and low shrubs, but is increasingly encroached upon by invasive Phragmites australis subsp. australis forming dense monocultures that displace native flora. Runoff from adjacent roads and farmland contributes to nutrient and sediment input, potentially affecting water quality.

Underwater landscape

The underwater environment is a shallow littoral zone (5-30cm depth) with slow-flowing, clear water over a soft organic substrate composed of silt, decomposing leaf litter, fine sand, and submerged vegetation. Aquatic plant cover includes Ludwigia palustris and submerged portions of emergent sedges and reeds.

Terrestrial vegetation list:

  • Phragmites australis (Poaceae)
  • Carex lacustris (Cyperaceae)

Fish list:

  • Chrosomus eos (Leuciscidae)
  • Umbra limi (Umbridae)
  • Hybognathus hankinsoni (Leuciscidae)

Mollusc list:

  • Ladislavella elodes (Lymnaeidae)

Aquatic vegetation list:

  • Ludwigia palustris (Onagraceae)
Threats to ecology

This biotope is threatened by invasive Phragmites australis, which displaces native plants and alters wetland structure. Runoff from nearby roads and agriculture introduces excess nutrients and sediment, leading to potential eutrophication. Hydrological changes from culverts and seasonal disturbances disrupt natural water flow and habitat stability.

Additionally, the small size and roadside location make the wetland vulnerable to fragmentation, while climate change may impact water temperature and oxygen levels, posing risks to cold-water species.

Riparian zone

Trees near the aquatic habitat
Many -

Comment by the expert

Lawrence Kent: Data and description of the biotope are detailed, unusual, and interesting.

Fritz Rohde: Covered well.

John T. Baxter: I felt that the Pigeon River biotope really captured the reference stream video, and had a good variety of well-suited fish.